Kavli Affiliate: Philip J. Marshall
| First 5 Authors: Katsuya T. Abe, Masamune Oguri, Simon Birrer, Narayan Khadka, Philip J. Marshall
| Summary:
Time delays in both galaxy- and cluster-scale strong gravitational lenses
have recently attracted a lot of attention in the context of the Hubble
tension. Future wide-field cadenced surveys, such as the LSST, are anticipated
to discover strong lenses across various scales. We generate mock catalogs of
strongly lensed QSOs and SNe on galaxy-, group-, and cluster-scales based on a
halo model that incorporates dark matter halos, galaxies, and subhalos. For the
upcoming LSST survey, we predict that approximately 3500 lensed QSOs and 200
lensed SNe with resolved multiple images will be discovered. Among these, about
80 lensed QSOs and 10 lensed SNe will have maximum image separations larger
than 10 arcsec, which roughly correspond to cluster-scale strong lensing. We
find that adopting the Chabrier stellar IMF instead of the fiducial Salpeter
IMF reduces the predicted number of strong lenses approximately by half, while
the distributions of lens and source redshifts and image separations are not
significantly changed. In addition to mock catalogs of multiple-image lens
systems, we create mock catalogs of highly magnified systems, including both
multiple-image and single-image systems. We find that such highly magnified
systems are typically produced by massive galaxies, but non-negligible fraction
of them are located in the outskirt of galaxy groups and clusters. Furthermore,
we compare subsamples of our mock catalogs with lensed QSO samples constructed
from the SDSS and Gaia to find that our mock catalogs with the fiducial
Salpeter IMF reproduce the observation quite well. In contrast, our mock
catalogs with the Chabrier IMF predict a significantly smaller number of lensed
QSOs compared with observations, which adds evidence that the stellar IMF of
massive galaxies is Salpeter-like. Our python code SL-Hammocks as well as the
mock catalogs are made available online. (abridged)
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