The Pandora project. II: how non-thermal physics drives bursty star formation and temperate mass-loaded outflows in dwarf galaxies

Kavli Affiliate: Debora Sijacki

| First 5 Authors: Sergio Martin-Alvarez, Debora Sijacki, Martin G. Haehnelt, Alice Concas, Yuxuan Yuan

| Summary:

Dwarf galaxies provide powerful laboratories for studying galaxy formation
physics. Their early assembly, shallow gravitational potentials, and bursty,
clustered star formation histories make them especially sensitive to the
processes that regulate baryons through multi-phase outflows. Using
high-resolution, cosmological zoom-in simulations of a dwarf galaxy from
textit{the Pandora suite}, we explore the impact of stellar radiation,
magnetic fields, and cosmic ray feedback on star formation, outflows, and metal
retention. We find that our purely hydrodynamical model without non-thermal
physics – in which supernova feedback is boosted to reproduce realistic stellar
mass assembly – drives violent, overly enriched outflows that suppress the
metal content of the host galaxy. Including radiation reduces the clustering of
star formation and weakens feedback. However, the additional incorporation of
cosmic rays produces fast, mass-loaded, multi-phase outflows consisting of both
ionized and neutral gas components, in better agreement with observations.
These outflows, which entrain a denser, more temperate ISM, exhibit broad
metallicity distributions while preserving metals within the galaxy.
Furthermore, the star formation history becomes more bursty, in agreement with
recent JWST findings. These results highlight the essential role of non-thermal
physics in galaxy evolution and the need to incorporate it in future galaxy
formation models.

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