Kavli Affiliate: Tom Abel
| First 5 Authors: Eleonora Di Valentino, Jackson Levi Said, Adam Riess, Agnieszka Pollo, Vivian Poulin
| Summary:
The standard model of cosmology has provided a good phenomenological
description of a wide range of observations both at astrophysical and
cosmological scales for several decades. This concordance model is constructed
by a universal cosmological constant and supported by a matter sector described
by the standard model of particle physics and a cold dark matter contribution,
as well as very early-time inflationary physics, and underpinned by gravitation
through general relativity. There have always been open questions about the
soundness of the foundations of the standard model. However, recent years have
shown that there may also be questions from the observational sector with the
emergence of differences between certain cosmological probes. In this White
Paper, we identify the key objectives that need to be addressed over the coming
decade together with the core science projects that aim to meet these
challenges. These discordances primarily rest on the divergence in the
measurement of core cosmological parameters with varying levels of statistical
confidence. These possible statistical tensions may be partially accounted for
by systematics in various measurements or cosmological probes but there is also
a growing indication of potential new physics beyond the standard model. After
reviewing the principal probes used in the measurement of cosmological
parameters, as well as potential systematics, we discuss the most promising
array of potential new physics that may be observable in upcoming surveys. We
also discuss the growing set of novel data analysis approaches that go beyond
traditional methods to test physical models. [Abridged]
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