TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet

Kavli Affiliate: George Ricker

| First 5 Authors: Ares Osborn, David J. Armstrong, Bryson Cale, Rafael Brahm, Robert A. Wittenmyer

| Summary:

We present the bright (V$_{mag} = 9.12$), multi-planet system TOI-431,
characterised with photometry and radial velocities. We estimate the stellar
rotation period to be $30.5 pm 0.7$ days using archival photometry and radial
velocities. TOI-431b is a super-Earth with a period of 0.49 days, a radius of
1.28 $pm$ 0.04 R$_{oplus}$, a mass of $3.07 pm 0.35$ M$_{oplus}$, and a
density of $8.0 pm 1.0$ g cm$^{-3}$; TOI-431d is a sub-Neptune with a period
of 12.46 days, a radius of $3.29 pm 0.09$ R$_{oplus}$, a mass of
$9.90^{+1.53}_{-1.49}$ M$_{oplus}$, and a density of $1.36 pm 0.25$ g
cm$^{-3}$. We find a third planet, TOI-431c, in the HARPS radial velocity data,
but it is not seen to transit in the TESS light curves. It has an $M sin i$ of
$2.83^{+0.41}_{-0.34}$ M$_{oplus}$, and a period of 4.85 days. TOI-431d likely
has an extended atmosphere and is one of the most well-suited TESS discoveries
for atmospheric characterisation, while the super-Earth TOI-431b may be a
stripped core. These planets straddle the radius gap, presenting an interesting
case-study for atmospheric evolution, and TOI-431b is a prime TESS discovery
for the study of rocky planet phase curves.

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